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en/tutorials/css/10css-animations

# CSS Transitions & Animations

CSS transitions and animations create smooth, engaging user experiences without JavaScript.

## Transitions

Animate property changes smoothly:

```css
.button {
  background-color: #3498db;
  transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
}

.button:hover {
  background-color: #2980b9;
}
```

### Transition Properties

```css
/* Shorthand */
transition: property duration timing-function delay;

/* Full syntax */
transition-property: background-color;
transition-duration: 0.3s;
transition-timing-function: ease;
transition-delay: 0s;
```

### Timing Functions

```css
transition-timing-function: ease;           /* Slow start/end */
transition-timing-function: ease-in;        /* Slow start */
transition-timing-function: ease-out;       /* Slow end */
transition-timing-function: ease-in-out;    /* Slow start/end */
transition-timing-function: linear;         /* Constant speed */
transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1); /* Custom */
```

### Multiple Transitions

```css
.button {
  transition:
    background-color 0.3s ease,
    transform 0.2s ease,
    box-shadow 0.3s ease;
}

.button:hover {
  background-color: #2980b9;
  transform: translateY(-2px);
  box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}
```

## Transforms

Move, rotate, scale, and skew elements:

```css
/* Translate (move) */
.transform {
  transform: translateX(100px);
  transform: translateY(-50px);
  transform: translate(100px, -50px);
}

/* Rotate */
.transform {
  transform: rotate(45deg);
  transform: rotate(-90deg);
}

/* Scale */
.transform {
  transform: scale(1.5);
  transform: scale(0.8);
  transform: scaleX(2);
  transform: scaleY(0.5);
}

/* Skew */
.transform {
  transform: skew(10deg);
  transform: skewX(10deg);
  transform: skewY(-5deg);
}

/* Multiple transforms */
.transform {
  transform: translate(100px, 50px) rotate(45deg) scale(1.5);
}
```

### Transform Origin

```css
transform-origin: center;        /* Default */
transform-origin: top left;
transform-origin: 50% 50%;
transform-origin: 0 0;
```

## Keyframe Animations

Define complex animations:

```css
/* Define animation */
@keyframes slide-in {
  from {
    transform: translateX(-100%);
    opacity: 0;
  }
  to {
    transform: translateX(0);
    opacity: 1;
  }
}

/* Apply animation */
.element {
  animation: slide-in 0.5s ease;
}
```

### Animation Properties

```css
/* Shorthand */
animation: name duration timing-function delay iteration-count direction fill-mode;

/* Full syntax */
animation-name: slide-in;
animation-duration: 0.5s;
animation-timing-function: ease;
animation-delay: 0s;
animation-iteration-count: 1;
animation-direction: normal;
animation-fill-mode: forwards;
animation-play-state: running;
```

### Animation Iteration

```css
/* Infinite animation */
@keyframes spin {
  from { transform: rotate(0deg); }
  to { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}

.spinner {
  animation: spin 1s linear infinite;
}

/* Multiple iterations */
.bounce {
  animation: bounce 0.5s ease 3;
}
```

### Animation Direction

```css
animation-direction: normal;       /* Forward */
animation-direction: reverse;      /* Backward */
animation-direction: alternate;    /* Forward then backward */
animation-direction: alternate-reverse; /* Backward then forward */
```

### Animation Fill Mode

```css
animation-fill-mode: none;         /* Default */
animation-fill-mode: forwards;     /* Stay at end state */
animation-fill-mode: backwards;    /* Start at first keyframe */
animation-fill-mode: both;         /* Both forwards and backwards */
```

## Complete Examples

### Loading Spinner

```css
@keyframes spin {
  from { transform: rotate(0deg); }
  to { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}

.spinner {
  width: 40px;
  height: 40px;
  border: 4px solid #f3f3f3;
  border-top: 4px solid #3498db;
  border-radius: 50%;
  animation: spin 1s linear infinite;
}
```

### Pulse Animation

```css
@keyframes pulse {
  0% { transform: scale(1); }
  50% { transform: scale(1.1); }
  100% { transform: scale(1); }
}

.pulse {
  animation: pulse 2s ease infinite;
}
```

### Slide In from Left

```css
@keyframes slideInLeft {
  from {
    transform: translateX(-100%);
    opacity: 0;
  }
  to {
    transform: translateX(0);
    opacity: 1;
  }
}

.slide-in {
  animation: slideInLeft 0.5s ease forwards;
}
```

### Fade In Up

```css
@keyframes fadeInUp {
  from {
    transform: translateY(20px);
    opacity: 0;
  }
  to {
    transform: translateY(0);
    opacity: 1;
  }
}

.fade-in-up {
  animation: fadeInUp 0.6s ease forwards;
}
```

### Shake Animation

```css
@keyframes shake {
  0%, 100% { transform: translateX(0); }
  10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90% { transform: translateX(-5px); }
  20%, 40%, 60%, 80% { transform: translateX(5px); }
}

.shake {
  animation: shake 0.5s ease;
}
```

### Complete Example: Animated Card

```css
.card {
  background: white;
  border-radius: 10px;
  padding: 1.5rem;
  box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
  transition:
    transform 0.3s ease,
    box-shadow 0.3s ease;
}

.card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-10px);
  box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}

.card-image {
  width: 100%;
  height: 200px;
  object-fit: cover;
  border-radius: 5px;
  transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.card:hover .card-image {
  transform: scale(1.05);
}
```

### Complete Example: Page Transitions

```css
@keyframes fadeIn {
  from { opacity: 0; }
  to { opacity: 1; }
}

@keyframes slideUp {
  from {
    transform: translateY(30px);
    opacity: 0;
  }
  to {
    transform: translateY(0);
    opacity: 1;
  }
}

.page {
  animation: fadeIn 0.5s ease;
}

.content > * {
  animation: slideUp 0.5s ease forwards;
  opacity: 0;
}

.content > *:nth-child(1) { animation-delay: 0.1s; }
.content > *:nth-child(2) { animation-delay: 0.2s; }
.content > *:nth-child(3) { animation-delay: 0.3s; }
```

## Performance Tips

1. **Animate transform and opacity** — GPU accelerated
2. **Avoid animating width/height** — Causes layout recalculation
3. **Use will-change sparingly** — Hints browser about changes
4. **Keep animations short** — 300-500ms is ideal
5. **Use requestAnimationFrame** — For JavaScript animations

## Best Practices

1. **Use transitions for simple hover effects**
2. **Use keyframes for complex animations**
3. **Test on mobile** — Some animations cause motion sickness
4. **Respect prefers-reduced-motion** — Accessibility
5. **Don't overuse animations** — Can be distracting

## Common Mistakes

1. **Animating layout properties** — Width, height, margin cause jank
2. **Too many animations** — Overwhelming for users
3. **Ignoring accessibility** — Some users need reduced motion
4. **Using !important on animations** — Hard to override
5. **Not testing performance** — Animations should be smooth 60fps

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